Predictors of early ventriculoperitoneal shunt dysfunction in the pediatric population
Predictores de disfunción temprana de derivación ventrículo-peritoneal en población pediátricaMain Article Content
Introduction: Ventriculoperitoneal shunt (VPS) is the standard treatment for pediatric hydrocephalus; however, its high rate of early dysfunction significantly limits clinical outcomes. Identifying independent predictors of failure can optimize postoperative monitoring and management strategies in this vulnerable population. Objective: To identify independent predictors of early VPS dysfunction in a pediatric cohort using survival analysis. Methodology: A retrospective cohort study was conducted at a tertiary university hospital in Peru between 2019 and 2023. One hundred and twelve pediatric patients who underwent first-time VPS implantation were included. The primary outcome was time to first system dysfunction, defined as any unplanned surgical revision. Survival analysis was performed using the Kaplan-Meier method and Cox multivariate regression to identify independent predictors of early dysfunction. Results: The 12-month dysfunction-free survival rate was 61%. Multivariate analysis identified three significant independent predictors: age under 6 months (HR 2.8, 95% CI 1.5–5.2; p = 0.001), post-hemorrhagic etiology (HR 2.1, 95% CI 1.2–3.7; p = 0.010), and cerebrospinal fluid protein concentration greater than 150 mg/dL (HR 1.9, 95% CI 1.1–3.3; p = 0.025). Conclusion: Early age, post-hemorrhagic etiology, and elevated CSF protein are robust predictors of early ventriculoperitoneal shunt (VPS) dysfunction in the pediatric population, allowing for effective clinical risk stratification and the development of personalized follow-up protocols.
Introducción: La derivación ventrículo-peritoneal (DVP) constituye el tratamiento estándar de la hidrocefalia pediátrica; sin embargo, su elevada tasa de disfunción temprana limita significativamente los resultados clínicos. La identificación de predictores independientes de fallo puede optimizar las estrategias de vigilancia y manejo postoperatorio en esta población vulnerable. Objetivo: Identificar los predictores independientes de la disfunción temprana de la DVP en una cohorte pediátrica utilizando un análisis de supervivencia. Metodología: Se desarrolló un estudio de cohorte retrospectivo en un hospital universitario terciario de Perú durante el período 2019-2023. Se incluyeron 112 pacientes pediátricos sometidos a implantación de primera DVP. El desenlace primario fue el tiempo transcurrido hasta la primera disfunción del sistema, definida como cualquier revisión quirúrgica no planificada. Se ejecutó análisis de supervivencia mediante el método de Kaplan-Meier y regresión multivariada de Cox para identificar predictores independientes de disfunción temprana. Resultados: La tasa de supervivencia libre de disfunción a los 12 meses alcanzó el 61%. El análisis multivariado identificó tres predictores independientes significativos: edad inferior a 6 meses (HR 2.8, IC95% 1.5-5.2; p=0.001), etiología post-hemorrágica (HR 2.1, IC95% 1.2-3.7; p=0.010) y concentración de proteínas en líquido cefalorraquídeo superior a 150 mg/dL (HR 1.9, IC95% 1.1-3.3; p=0.025). Conclusión: La edad temprana, la etiología post-hemorrágica y las proteínas elevadas en LCR constituyen predictores robustos de disfunción temprana de DVP en población pediátrica, permitiendo una estratificación efectiva del riesgo clínico y el desarrollo de protocolos de seguimiento personalizado.
Downloads
Article Details
Castro P, Piatt J. Thirty-day outcomes of surgery for hydrocephalus: metrics in a large cohort from the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program–Pediatric. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2024;34(5):438-451. https://thejns.org/pediatrics/view/journals/j-neurosurg-pediatr/34/5/article-p438.xml
Tamber M, Jensen H, Clawson J, Nunn N, Wellons J, Smith J, Kestle J. Shunt infection prevention practices in Hydrocephalus Clinical Research Network–Quality: a new quality improvement network for hydrocephalus management. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2023;33(2):157-164. https://thejns.org/pediatrics/view/journals/j-neurosurg-pediatr/33/2/article-p157.xml
Lu V, Brun J, Niazi T, Brun J. Pediatric shunt failure in a resource limited Lower-Middle Income Country (LMIC) institution in La Paz, Bolivia. Childs Nerv Syst. 2024;40(11):3581-3587. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00381-024-06536-z
Kim S, Heppner P, Kim Y, Guild S, Windsor J, Malpas S. False alarms and the burden of shunt failure in pediatric patients with hydrocephalus: a longitudinal study. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2024;35(3):255-265. https://thejns.org/pediatrics/view/journals/j-neurosurg-pediatr/35/3/article-p255.xml
Minta K, Kannan S, Kaliaperumal C. Outcomes of endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) and ventriculoperitoneal shunt (VPS) in the treatment of paediatric hydrocephalus: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Childs Nerv Syst. 2024;40(4):1045-1052. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00381-023-06225-3
Dewan M, Isaacs A, Cools M, Yengo A, Naftel R, Jensen H, Wellons J. Treatment of hydrocephalus following posterior fossa tumor resection: a multicenter collaboration from the Hydrocephalus Clinical Research Network. J Neurooncol. 2023;163(1):123-132. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11060-023-04316-4
Oyon D, Behbahani M, Sharma S, Coons D, Pundy T, Fernandez L, Tomita T. Ventriculopleural shunt outcomes for pediatric hydrocephalus: a single-institution experience. Childs Nerv Syst. 2023;39(8):2105-2113. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00381-023-05928-x
Darko K, Shukla I, Hassan T, Eraghi M, Haider M, Guirguis M, Totimeh T. Presentation, management, and outcome of traumatic spine injuries in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Neurosurg Spine. 2024;1:aop. https://thejns.org/spine/view/journals/j-neurosurg-spine/aop/article-10.3171-2024.8.SPINE24614/article-10.3171-2024.8.SPINE24614.xml
Lim J, Han H, Foo Y, Chan Y, Ng L, Low D, Low S. Paediatric ventriculoperitoneal shunt failures: 12-year experience from a Singapore children’s hospital. Childs Nerv Syst. 2023;39(12):3445-3455. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00381-023-06007-x
Holste K, Vernamonti J, Bah M, Muraszko K, Gadepalli S, Maher C, Garton H. Ventriculoatrial and ventriculoperitoneal shunt malfunction and infection in infants with necrotizing enterocolitis. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2023;32(5):590-596. https://thejns.org/pediatrics/view/journals/j-neurosurg-pediatr/32/5/article-p590.xml
Konar S, Singha S, Shukla D, Sadashiva N, Prabhuraj A. Endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) or ventriculoperitoneal shunt (VPS) for paediatric hydrocephalus due to primary aqueductal stenosis. Childs Nerv Syst. 2024;40(3):685-693. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00381-023-06210-w
Nadeem M, Jirankali V, Singha S, Tyagi G, Uppar A, Beniwal M, Srinivas D. Pediatric shunt failure: finding predictability in the sea of uncertainty. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2023;33(2):149-156. https://thejns.org/pediatrics/view/journals/j-neurosurg-pediatr/33/2/article-p149.xml
Robinson J, Balamohan A, Barton M, Lefebvre M, Almadani A, Freire D, Pediatric Investigators Collaborative Network on Infections in Canada (PICNIC). Comparison of pediatric ventriculo-peritoneal shunt infections arising in antibiotic-impregnated and standard catheters: a multicenter observational study. World J Pediatr Surg. 2023;6(3):e000566. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10410850/
Podkovik S, Zhou C, Coffin S, Hall M, Hauptman J, Kronman M, Simon T. Antibiotic impregnated catheters and intrathecal antibiotics for CSF shunt infection prevention in children undergoing low-risk CSF shunt surgery. BMC Pediatr. 2024;24(1):325. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12887-024-04798-9
Huhndorf M, Peters S, Cordt J, Margraf N, Salehi M, Jansen O, Cohrs G. Venous 3D phase contrast magnetic resonance angiography increases diagnostic certainty in children with ventriculoperitoneal shunt and suspected shunt failure. Clin Neuroradiol. 2023;33(4):1067-1074. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00062-023-01310-1
Davis A, Tessaro M, Schuh S, Malhotra A, Sumaida M, Gauthey M, Kulkarni A. Change in Optic Nerve Sheath Diameter and Cerebral Ventricular Shunt Failure in Children. JAMA Netw Open. 2025;8(5):e2511009. https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/article-abstract/2834203
Simon T, Sedano S, Rosenberg Y, Durazo R, Whitlock K, Hodor P, Cerebrospinal FLuId MicroBiota in Shunts CLIMB Study Group. Lower levels of Th1 and Th2 cytokines in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) at the time of initial CSF shunt placement in children are associated with subsequent shunt revision surgeries. Cytokine. 2023;169:156310. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1043466623001886
Guida L, Grenier F, Benichi S, James S, Paternoster G, Bourgeois M, Blauwblomme T. Predicting endoscopic third ventriculostomy success in pediatric shunt dysfunction: a monocentric retrospective case series of 70 consecutive children, systematic review, and meta-analysis. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2023;32(6):638-648. https://thejns.org/pediatrics/view/journals/j-neurosurg-pediatr/32/6/article-p638.xml
Issa M, Paggetti F, von Hardenberg A, Miethke C, Unterberg A, El Damaty A. Programmable (proSA®) vs. fixed (SHUNTASSISTANT®) gravitational valves in pediatric patients with hydrocephalus: a 16-year retrospective single-center comparative study with biomechanical analysis. Acta Neurochir. 2023;165(12):4031-4044. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00701-023-05751-y