Rol de la enfermería en la vigilancia epidemiológica y prevención de infecciones intrahospitalarias en pacientes críticos
Role of nursing in epidemiological surveillance and prevention of nosocomial infections in critical patientsContenido principal del artículo
Las infecciones asociadas a la atención sanitaria (IAAS) representan un desafío crítico en unidades de cuidados intensivos, donde el personal de enfermería desempeña un rol fundamental en vigilancia epidemiológica y prevención. Objetivos: Analizar el rol específico de enfermería en vigilancia epidemiológica hospitalaria y evaluar estrategias basadas en evidencia para prevención de infecciones intrahospitalarias en pacientes críticos. Materiales y Métodos: Revisión sistemática de 202 artículos académicos del período 2020-2025, siguiendo metodología PRISMA. Se analizaron bases de datos científicas, directrices internacionales y protocolos de organizaciones como WHO, CDC y ECDC. Resultados: Las enfermeras constituyen el 63-82% del personal de prevención de infecciones globalmente, dedicando 25-28% de su tiempo a actividades de vigilancia. Las intervenciones educativas multimodales logran reducciones del 15-60% en IAAS. Los protocolos estandarizados de vigilancia en UCI demuestran cumplimiento >90% cuando son liderados por enfermería. La implementación de bundles de prevención reduce CLABSI en 42-70%, NAV en 11-55% e ITUAC en 10-57%. Discusión: La evidencia confirma que el personal de enfermería es actor central en vigilancia epidemiológica, con competencias específicas en detección temprana, implementación de protocolos y liderazgo de programas de calidad. Las estrategias multimodales basadas en evidencia demuestran efectividad superior a intervenciones aisladas. Conclusiones: El rol de enfermería en vigilancia epidemiológica es multidimensional y crítico para prevención de IAAS. La implementación de estrategias basadas en evidencia, lideradas por personal de enfermería, resulta en reducciones significativas de infecciones intrahospitalarias y mejora de resultados en pacientes críticos.
Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) represent a critical challenge in intensive care units, where nursing staff plays a fundamental role in epidemiological surveillance and prevention. Objectives: To analyze the specific role of nursing in hospital epidemiological surveillance and evaluate evidence-based strategies for preventing nosocomial infections in critical patients. Materials and Methods: Systematic review of 202 academic articles from 2020-2025, following PRISMA methodology. Scientific databases, international guidelines, and protocols from organizations such as WHO, CDC, and ECDC were analyzed. Results: Nurses constitute 63-82% of infection prevention personnel globally, dedicating 25-28% of their time to surveillance activities. Multimodal educational interventions achieve 15-60% reductions in HAIs. Standardized ICU surveillance protocols demonstrate >90% compliance when led by nursing. Implementation of prevention bundles reduces CLABSI by 42-70%, VAP by 11-55%, and CAUTI by 10-57%. Discussion: Evidence confirms that nursing staff are central actors in epidemiological surveillance, with specific competencies in early detection, protocol implementation, and leadership of quality programs. Evidence-based multimodal strategies demonstrate superior effectiveness compared to isolated interventions. Conclusions: The nursing role in epidemiological surveillance is multidimensional and critical for HAI prevention. Implementation of evidence-based strategies, led by nursing staff, results in significant reductions of nosocomial infections and improved outcomes in critical patients.
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