Efectividad de una intervención cultural para aumentar la adherencia al cribado de cáncer colorrectal
Effectiveness of a culturally adapted intervention to increase adherence to colorectal cancer screeningContenido principal del artículo
Introducción: El cáncer colorrectal (CCR) representa un grave problema de salud pública en América Latina, especialmente en poblaciones rurales andinas, donde existen brechas significativas en el cribado. Las barreras culturales, geográficas y socioeconómicas limitan la participación en programas de detección temprana. Objetivos: Este estudio evalúa la efectividad de una intervención culturalmente adaptada para mejorar el conocimiento, las actitudes y la adherencia al cribado de CCR mediante la prueba inmunológica fecal (FIT) en una comunidad rural de los Andes peruanos. Métodos: Se llevó a cabo un estudio cuasi-experimental pre-test/post-test con un grupo control no equivalente. Participaron 450 individuos de 50 a 74 años en Huancavelica, Perú (220 en el grupo de intervención y 230 en el grupo control). La intervención incluyó talleres educativos en quechua y español, materiales bilingües y navegación de pacientes, todo basado en el Modelo de Creencias en Salud. Resultados: La adherencia al cribado con FIT aumentó significativamente en el grupo de intervención (28.2% vs. 6.1%, p < 0.001). Hubo mejoras en el conocimiento sobre el CCR (de 3.1 a 8.9 vs. 3.3 a 3.8) y en las actitudes hacia el cribado (de 2.5 a 4.1 vs. 2.6 a 2.8). Los hallazgos respaldan la efectividad de intervenciones multicomponente y culturalmente adaptadas para reducir disparidades en salud. La navegación de pacientes y los materiales bilingües fueron fundamentales para superar barreras de acceso. Conclusiones: Las intervenciones adaptadas culturalmente son efectivas para incrementar la detección temprana del CCR en poblaciones rurales vulnerables.
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