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Dave Jackson Zambrano Paredes
Carlos Alejandro Vera Jara
Sara Joyce Naranjo Velasco
Hillary Raquel García Delgado

El manejo del dolor perioperatorio constituye un aspecto fundamental de la práctica anestesiológica contemporánea. La evolución de nuevas técnicas anestésicas y estrategias de control del dolor requiere una evaluación sistemática de la evidencia científica disponible. Objetivo: Analizar sistemáticamente la evidencia científica sobre las estrategias actuales en el control del dolor y técnicas de anestesia local y general publicada entre 2019-2024, siguiendo la metodología PRISMA. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión sistemática siguiendo las directrices PRISMA 2020. Se efectuaron búsquedas en PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase y Web of Science. Se incluyeron ensayos clínicos aleatorizados, estudios observacionales y revisiones sistemáticas que evaluaran técnicas anestésicas en pacientes adultos. La selección de estudios y extracción de datos fue realizada por dos revisores independientes. Resultados: Se identificaron 3,247 registros iniciales. Tras aplicar criterios de inclusión y exclusión, se seleccionaron 15 estudios principales que cumplieron todos los criterios metodológicos. Los estudios analizados incluyeron 2,847 pacientes de 8 países diferentes. Se identificaron cinco categorías principales de intervenciones: bloqueos nerviosos periféricos, anestesia neuroaxial, anestesia local/tópica, técnicas libres de opioides y analgesia multimodal. Los bloqueos nerviosos periféricos fueron la técnica más estudiada (8 estudios), seguida por anestesia neuroaxial (6 estudios) y analgesia multimodal (10 estudios). Conclusiones: La evidencia analizada respalda la efectividad superior de las técnicas de anestesia regional y estrategias de analgesia multimodal para el control del dolor perioperatorio. Los bloqueos nerviosos periféricos y la anestesia neuroaxial demostraron ventajas consistentes sobre la anestesia general convencional en términos de control del dolor y reducción de efectos adversos.

Perioperative pain management is a fundamental aspect of contemporary anesthetic practice. The evolution of new anesthetic techniques and pain?control strategies requires a systematic evaluation of the available scientific evidence. Objective: To systematically analyze the scientific evidence on current strategies for pain control and local and general anesthesia techniques published between 2019 and 2024, following the PRISMA methodology. Methods: A systematic review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Searches were performed in PubMed, the Cochrane Library, Embase and Web of Science. Randomized clinical trials, observational studies and systematic reviews that evaluated anesthetic techniques in adult patients were included. Study selection and data extraction were carried out by two independent reviewers. Results: A total of 3,247 records were initially identified. After applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, 15 main studies that met all methodological requirements were selected. The analyzed studies included 2,847 patients from eight different countries. Five main categories of interventions were identified: peripheral nerve blocks, neuraxial anesthesia, local/topical anesthesia, opioid?free techniques and multimodal analgesia. Peripheral nerve blocks were the most frequently studied technique (eight studies), followed by neuraxial anesthesia (six studies) and multimodal analgesia (ten studies). Conclusions: The evidence reviewed supports the superior effectiveness of regional anesthesia techniques and multimodal analgesia strategies for perioperative pain control. Peripheral nerve blocks and neuraxial anesthesia demonstrated consistent advantages over conventional general anesthesia in terms of pain relief and reduction of adverse effects.

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Zambrano Paredes, D. J. ., Vera Jara, C. A. ., Naranjo Velasco, S. J. . ., & García Delgado, H. R. . (2025). Estrategias actuales en el control del dolor y técnicas de anestesia local y general: Una revisión sistemática. Revista Vive, 8(23), 897–913. https://doi.org/10.33996/revistavive.v8i23.420
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