Safe medication use in older adults with polypharmacy: risk factors and prevention strategies
Uso seguro de medicamentos en adultos mayores con polimedicación: factores de riesgo y estrategias de prevenciónMain Article Content
Introduction: polypharmacy is common in older adults and concentrates preventable medication-safety risks; drug counts support screening but do not by themselves explain treatment appropriateness. Objective: to analyze the main factors affecting safe medication use in older adults with polypharmacy and strategies to prevent pharmacotherapy-related problems. Materials and methods: systematic review reported per PRISMA 2020, searching PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane Library and SciELO up to January 2026, plus backward citation tracking. Fifty-two studies were included (systematic reviews and meta-analyses, observational studies, clinical trials, consensus documents and clinical reviews) in adults aged 60/65 years or older with polypharmacy; selection was two-stage and independent, quality was appraised with AMSTAR-2, RoB 2, Newcastle-Ottawa and JBI tools, and synthesis was narrative and thematic. Results: worldwide polypharmacy prevalence in older people is about 39.1% and hyperpolypharmacy 13.3%, with wide conceptual and geographic variability. Risk depends on multimorbidity, renal function, drug combinations, potentially inappropriate prescribing and adherence. Medication review, planned deprescribing, reconciliation at transitions, adherence support and integrated pharmacist participation improve appropriateness and pharmacotherapy quality, with less consistent effects on mortality, hospitalization, falls and quality of life. Conclusions: medication safety requires a continuous, individualized and coordinated process integrating risk identification, appropriateness assessment, intervention and follow-up, beyond drug counts.
Introducción: la polimedicación es frecuente en adultos mayores y concentra riesgos evitables para la seguridad farmacoterapéutica; el conteo de fármacos orienta el cribado, pero no explica por sí solo la adecuación del tratamiento. Objetivo: analizar los principales factores que afectan el uso seguro de medicamentos en adultos mayores con polimedicación y las estrategias para prevenir problemas relacionados con la farmacoterapia. Materiales y métodos: revisión sistemática según PRISMA 2020 en PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane Library y SciELO hasta enero de 2026, con búsqueda complementaria de referencias. Se incluyeron 52 estudios (revisiones sistemáticas y metaanálisis, observacionales, ensayos clínicos, consensos y revisiones clínicas) en adultos de 60/65 años o más con polimedicación, con selección en dos fases independientes y valoración de calidad mediante AMSTAR-2, RoB 2, Newcastle-Ottawa y JBI; la síntesis fue narrativa y temática. Resultados: la prevalencia mundial de polimedicación en mayores ronda 39,1% y la hiperpolimedicación 13,3%, con amplia variabilidad conceptual y geográfica. El riesgo depende de la multimorbilidad, la función renal, las combinaciones farmacológicas, la prescripción potencialmente inapropiada y la adherencia. La revisión de la medicación, la deprescripción planificada, la conciliación en transiciones, el apoyo a la adherencia y la participación farmacéutica mejoran la adecuación y la calidad farmacoterapéutica, con efectos menos consistentes sobre mortalidad, hospitalización, caídas y calidad de vida. Conclusiones: la seguridad farmacoterapéutica exige un proceso continuo, individualizado y coordinado que integre identificación del riesgo, evaluación de la adecuación, intervención y seguimiento, más allá del número de fármacos.
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